Concrete


 * Definitions

"**__Concrete__** is a manufactured mixture of cement and water, with aggregates of sand and stones, which hardens rapidly by chemical combination to a stonelike, water-and-fire-resisting solid of great compressive but low tensile strength."


 * __Reinforced concrete__** was developed to add the tensile strength of steel to the compressive strength of mass concrete.

The first, **__concrete-shell construction__** permits the erection of vast vaults and domes with a concrete and steel content so reduced that the thickness is comparatively less than that of an eggshell.

__**Precast-concrete**__ construction, employs bricks, slabs, and supports made under optimal factory conditions to increase waterproofing and solidity, to decrease time and cost in erection, and to reduce expansion and contractions.

__**Prestressed concrete**__ provides bearing members into which reinforcement is set under tension to produce a live force to resist a particular load.


 * Look for images of spaces created using: reinforced concrete, pre-cast concrete, prestressed concrete and concrete-shell
 * What is the difference between tiltwall construction, tilt-up panel construction and pre-cast concrete construction?

v. **hard·ened**, **hard·en·ing**, **hard·ens**
 * //__ Hardens __//**

v. //tr.// v. //intr.//
 * 1) To make hard or harder.
 * 2) To enable to withstand physical or mental hardship.
 * 3) To make unfeeling, unsympathetic, or callous: //"To love love and not its meaning hardens the heart in monstrous ways"// //(Archibald MacLeish).//
 * 4) To make sharp, as in outline.
 * 5) To protect (nuclear weapons) by surrounding with earth or concrete.
 * 1) To become hard or harder.
 * 2) To rise and become stable. Used of prices.
 * 3) To become inured.

//adjective// (of bone especially the temporal bone) resembling stone in hardness. Strong enough to resist flames and it is not easily damaged by water. –adjective compressing; tending to compress. Serving to or able to compress. Compressing, or having power or tendency to compress; as, a compressive force. It is strong in tension v. **poured**, **pour·ing**, **pours**
 * //__ Stonelike __//**
 * //__ Water-and-fire-resisting __//**
 * //__ Compressive __//**
 * //__ Tensile strength __//**
 * //__ Poured __//**

v. //tr.//

v. //intr.//
 * 1) To make (a liquid or granular solid) stream or flow, as from a container.
 * 2) To send forth, produce, express, or utter copiously, as if in a stream or flood: //poured money into the project; poured out my inner thoughts.//

n. A pouring or flowing forth, especially a downpour of rain. fuse //transitive verb// 1 **:** to reduce to a liquid or plastic state by heat 2 **:** to blend thoroughly by or as if by melting together **:** combine  3 **:** to stitch by applying heat and pressure with or without the use of an adhesive //intransitive verb// 1 a **:** to become fluid with heat b //British// **:** to fail because of the blowing of a fuse <span class="sense_break"><span class="sense_label start">2 <span class="sense_content">**:** to become blended or joined by or as if by melting together **//__ Volcanic-ash __//**
 * 1) To stream or flow continuously or profusely.
 * 2) To rain hard or heavily.
 * 3) To pass or proceed in large numbers or quantity: //Students poured into the auditorium.//
 * 4) To serve a beverage, such as tea or coffee, to a gathering: //We need someone to pour.//
 * //__ Fusing __//**

Ash deposited on the ground after an eruption is known as ashfall deposit. Significant accumulations of ashfall can lead to the immediate destruction of most of the local ecosystem, as well the collapse of roofs on man-made structures. Over time, ashfall can lead to the creation of fertile soils. Ashfall can also become cemented together to form a solid rock called tugg Over geologic time, the ejection of large quantities of ash can produce an ash cone.
 * Volcanic ash** consists of sm<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">a<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">ll tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions,less than 2 millimetres (0.079 in) in diameter. There are three mechanisms of volcanic ash formation: gas release under decompression causing magmatic eruptions; thermal contraction from chilling on contact with water causing phreatomagmatic eruptions and ejection of entrained particles during steam eruptions causing phreatic eruptions. The violent nature of volcanic eruptions involving steam results in the magma and solid rock surrounding the vent being torn into particles of clay to sandglobal cooling. size. Volcanic ash can lead to breathing problems, malfunctions in machinery, and from more severe eruptions, years of

rib·bing
 * //__ Brick ribbing __//**

//n.//**1.** Ribs considered as a group.**2.** An arrangement of ribs, as in a boat.**3.** //Informal// The act or an instance of joking or teasing.

//n.//**1.** A system of sewers.**2.** Removal of waste materials by means of a sewer system.**3.** Sewage.
 * //__ Sewerage __//**

The hulls of boats and ships were once waterproofed by applying [|tar] or pitch. Modern items may be waterproofed by applying water-repellent coatings or by sealing seams with [|gaskets] or [|O-rings]. In construction, a building or structure is waterproofed with the use of membranes to protect contents underneath or within as well as protecting structural integrity. The waterproofing of the [|building envelope] in construction specifications is under '07 - Thermal and Moisture' protection and includes roofing material as well as waterproofing materials. Waterproofing is used in reference to building structures (basements, decks, flat roofs, wet areas, etc.), watercraft, canvas, clothing and paper (e.g., milk and juice cartons).
 * //__ Water-proofing __//**
 * Waterproof** or **water-resistant** describes objects unaffected by water or resisting water passage, or which are covered with a material that resists or does not allow water passage. Such items may be used in wet environments or under water. **Waterproofing** describes making an object waterproof or water-resistant.

//n.//**1.** **a.** A hollow cylinder or tube used to conduct a liquid, gas, or finely divided solid.**b.** A section or piece of such a tube.**2.** **a.** A device for smoking, consisting of a tube of wood, clay, or other material with a small bowl at one end.**b.** An amount of smoking material, such as tobacco, needed to fill the bowl of a pipe; a pipeful.**3.** //Informal//**a.** A tubular part or organ of the body.**b.** **pipes** The passages of the human respiratory system.**4.** //Abbr.// **p.****a.** A wine cask having a capacity of 126 gallons or 2 hogsheads (478 liters).**b.** This volume as a unit of liquid measure.**5.** //Music//**a.** A tubular wind instrument, such as a flute.**b.** Any of the tubes in an organ.**c.** **pipes** A small wind instrument, consisting of tubes of different lengths bound together.**d.** **pipes** A bagpipe.**6.** **pipes** //Informal// The vocal cords; the voice, especially as used in singing.**7.** A birdcall.**8.** //Nautical// A whistle used for signaling crew members: a boatswain's pipe. **9.** //Geology//**a.** A vertical cylindrical vein of ore.**b.** One of the vertical veins of eruptive origin in which diamonds are found in South Africa.**10.** //Geology// An eruptive passageway opening into the crater of a volcano.**11.** //Metallurgy// A cone-shaped cavity in a steel ingot, formed during cooling by escaping gases.
 * //__ Pipes __//**

//n.//**1.** **a.** Any of the open spaces in a net or network; an interstice.**b.** The cords, threads, or wires surrounding these spaces. Often used in the plural.**2.** An openwork fabric or structure; a net or network: a screen made of wire mesh. **3.** Something that snares or entraps. Often used in the plural: "Arabia had become entangled in the meshes of . . . politics" W. Montgomery Watt. **4.** **a.** The engagement of gear teeth.**b.** The state of being so engaged: gear teeth in mesh.
 * //__ Mesh __//**

//adj.// Having no limit or limits; unrestricted: //limitless authority; the limitless reaches of outer space.//
 * //__ Limitless __//**

//tr.v.// **stressed**, **stress·ing**, **stress·es****1.** To place emphasis on: stressed basic fire safety. **2.** To give prominence to (a syllable or word) in pronouncing or in accordance with a metrical pattern.**3.** To subject to physical or mental pressure, tension, or strain.**4.** To subject to mechanical pressure or force.**5.** To construct so as to withstand a specified stress.
 * //__ Stresses __//**

//n.//**1.** A broad, flat, thick piece, as of stone or cheese.**2.** An outside piece cut from a log when squaring it for lumber.**3.** //Baseball// The pitcher's rubber.//tr.v.// **slabbed**, **slab·bing**, **slabs****1.** To make or shape into slabs or a slab.**2.** To cover or pave with slabs.**3.** To dress (a log) by cutting slabs.
 * //__ Slabs __//**

I could not find anything of information on this words //n.// //v.// **sprang** (sprng) or **sprung** (sprng), **sprung**, **spring·ing**, **springs**//v.////intr.//**1.** To move upward or forward in a single quick motion or a series of such motions; leap.**2.** To move suddenly on or as if on a spring: The door sprang shut. The emergency room team sprang into action. **3.** To appear or come into being quickly: New businesses were springing up rapidly. See Synonyms at [|stem]1.**4.** To issue or emerge suddenly: A cry sprang from her lips. A thought springs to mind. **5.** To extend or curve upward, as an arch.**6.** To arise from a source; develop.**7.** To become warped, split, or cracked. Used of wood.**8.** To move out of place; come loose, as parts of a mechanism.**9.** //Slang// To pay another's expenses: He offered to spring for the dinner. //v.////tr.//**1.** To cause to leap, dart, or come forth suddenly.**2.** To jump over; vault.**3.** To release from a checked or inoperative position; actuate: spring a trap. **4.** **a.** To cause to warp, split, or crack, as a mast.**b.** To bend by force.**5.** To present or disclose unexpectedly or suddenly: "He sprung on the world this novel approach to political journalism" Curtis Wilkie. **6.** //Slang// To cause to be released from prison or other confinement.//n.//**1.** An elastic device, such as a coil of wire, that regains its original shape after being compressed or extended.**2.** An actuating force or factor; a motive.**3.** **a.** Elasticity; resilience.**b.** Energetic bounce: a spring to one's step. **4.** The act or an instance of jumping or leaping.**5.** A usually rapid return to normal shape after removal of stress; recoil.**6.** A small stream of water flowing naturally from the earth.**7.** A source, origin, or beginning.**8.** **a.** The season of the year, occurring between winter and summer, during which the weather becomes warmer and plants revive, extending in the Northern Hemisphere from the vernal equinox to the summer solstice and popularly considered to comprise March, April, and May.**b.** A time of growth and renewal.**9.** A warping, bending, or cracking, as that caused by excessive force.**10.** //Architecture// The point at which an arch or vault rises from its support.//adj.//**1.** Of or acting like a spring; resilient.**2.** Having or supported by springs: a spring mattress. **3.** **a.** Of, relating to, occurring in, or appropriate to the season of spring: spring showers; spring planting. **b.** Grown during the season of spring: spring crops. =__**Reinforced concrete**__=
 * //__ Hardscape construction __//**
 * //__ Deck __//**
 * 1.** A platform extending horizontally from one side of a ship to the other.**2.** **a.** A platform or surface likened to a ship's deck.**b.** A roofless, floored structure, typically with a railing, that adjoins a house.**c.** The roadway of a bridge or an elevated freeway.**3.** **a.** A pack of playing cards.**b.** A group of data processing cards.**4.** A tape deck.
 * 5.** //Slang// A packet of narcotics
 * //__ Spring __//**



=__**Pre-cast concrete**__=

= __**Prestressed concrete**__ = = = =**__Concrete-shell__**=




 * Tilt-up and tiltwall are 2 names for the same process. They are synonims. They are a process in which "for a tilt-up concrete building, the walls are created by assembling forms and pouring large slabs of concrete called panels directly at the job site. The panels are then tilted up into position around the building's slab."

Meanwhile, precast concrete is the same but instead of pouring it in the job site, they do it in a factory and it is then transported. Therefore, the differences between these two are:**


 * **tiltwall can be done with huge panels because it does not need to be transported, while precast concrete cant be really big because it needs to be carried to the job site**
 * **tiltwall can be done only in cool temperatures, so if it gets cold or freezing is harder and more expensive; while precast, since it is done in a factory, the weather does not affect its use at all**

"tilt-up and tiltwall are two terms used to describe the same process. For a tilt-up concrete building, the walls are created by assembling forms and pouring large slabs of concrete called panels directly at the job site. The panels are then tilted up into position around the building's slab. Because the concrete tiltwall forms are assembled and poured directly at the job site, no transportation of panels is required. The precast concrete building process is similar to tilt-up construction, but it addresses the challenges presented by weather. For precast concrete buildings, work crews do not set up forms at the job site to create the panels. Instead, workers pre cast concrete panels at a large manufacturing facility. Because the precast concrete forms are poured indoors, this activity can take place regardless the weather conditions. After curing, the precast concrete panels are trucked to the job site. From this point, precast concrete buildings are assembled in much the same manner as tiltwall buildings. For a precast construction project, the panels must be smaller and more manageable to allow trucks to haul them over the road to their final destination. This places greater design restrictions on architects and limits the applications where precast construction can be used. Clearly, tilt-up or tiltwall construction and precast concrete are similar processes. Because tilt-up affords more flexibility, it is the method of choice in locations where the weather allows it. Precast concrete is a suitable choice in circumstances where environmental factors and the construction schedule preclude tiltwall as a viable option."

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